Seleccionado de Medline
1
AU - Djouzi Z
AU - Andrieux C
AU - Degivry MC
AU - Bouley C
AU - Szylit O
TI - The association of yogurt starters with Lactobacillus casei
DN 114.001 in fermented milk alters the composition and
metabolism of intestinal microflora in germ-free rats and
in human flora-associated rats.
AB - The aim of this study was to compare the effects of milk
and of various fermented milks on the composition and metabolic
activities of the intestinal microflora. Groups of eight
rats were fed for 6 wk a diet containing 30% nonfermented
milk (M), yogurt (Y), milk fermented with Lactobacillus
casei (LcFM) or milk fermented with the association of
L. casei DN 114.001 and yogurt starters (LcYFM). In the
first study, the survival of the lactic acid bacteria from
the fermented milks was assessed by bacterial enumeration
in feces of germ-free rats (GF rats) fed milk or fermented
milks. The metabolic activities of the lactic acid bacteria
were studied in these rats by the measurement of glycolytic
activities and products of bacterial fermentation, i.e.
, acetate and lactate (isoforms L and D). In a second study,
the effects of fermented milks on the composition and metabolism
[gas, glycolytic activities, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)
, alcohol and ammonia] of human flora were studied using
human flora-associated rats (HF rats). In GF rats, the
survival of L. casei in the feces did not differ between
those fed the LcFM and LcYFM diets. L. bulgaricus was detected
in the feces of the rats fed Y, whereas Streptoccus thermophilus
was found in the feces of the LcYFM group. In HF rats,
fecal concentration of Bifidobacteria was greater in the
LcFM group than in the others. beta-Glucuronidase (EC 3.
2.1.31) activity was lower in rats fed LcFM and Y than
in those fed M and LcYFM, whereas beta-galactosidase (3.
2.1.23), alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1 20) and beta-glucosidase
(EC 3.2.1.21) activities were higher in the LcYFM group
compared with the others. Methane excretion was higher
in rats fed Y than in other groups. Cecal SCFA concentrations
did not differ in LcFM, Y and M groups, but total SCFA,
acetate, propionate and butyrate were significantly greater
in the LcYFM group. These results suggest that milk fermented
with the combination of L. casei and yogurt starters leads
to specific effects that are different from the simple
addition of the effects found with yogurt and milk fermented
with L. casei. These specific effects are potentially beneficial
to human health.
MH - Intestines|CH/*ME/*MI
MH - Lactobacillus casei|EN/*IP/ME
MH - Milk|ME/*MI
MH - Yogurt|*MI
SO - J Nutr 1997 Nov; 127(11):2260-6
2
AU - Fuller R
AU - Gibson GR
TI - Modification of the intestinal microflora using probiotics
and prebiotics.
AB - Probiotics and prebiotics modulate the composition of the
human gut microbiota. The beneficial effects may result
from suppression of harmful microorganisms or stimulation
of organisms which contribute in a positive way to the
nutrition and health of the host. Both types of supplement
represent an attempt to reconstitute the gut flora to its
normal composition which has been adversely affected by
dietary and environmental stresses.
MH - Bacteria|*DE/ME
MH - Intestines|*MI
SO - Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997; 222():28-31
DP - 1997
TA - Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl
PG - 28-31
VI - 222
UI - 97290797
3
AU - Gomes AM
AU - Malcata FX
TI - Development of probiotic cheese manufactured from goat
milk: response surface analysis via technological manipulation.
AB - Production of caprine milk has been rising steadily, partially
because of its good nutritional value; the possibility
of improving nutritional benefits by adding probiotic species
such as Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus
was assessed. The manufacturing process of a traditional
semi-hard goat cheese was technologically modified to optimize
the process. The amount of starter inoculum, the concentration
of salt, the addition of a protein hydrolysate, and the
ripening time were varied to improve the microbiological,
biochemical, and sensory properties of the cheese. Bifidobacterium
lactis was able to grow slightly (up to 3 x 10(8) cfu/g)
, but growth was dependent on the physicochemical characteristics
of the cheese. Lactobacillus acidophilus did not grow substantially
in any of the experimental cheeses, and maximum numbers
did not exceed 6 x 10(7) cfu/g. Concentrations of lactic
acid and acetic acid increased throughout cheese manufacture,
indicating that production of these acids was uncoupled
from growth. Viability of the probiotic strains during
ripening was sufficient to yield numbers that were above
the accepted threshold (10(6) cfu/g) for a probiotic effect.
Both strains contributed significantly to ripening, especially
in the formation of low molecular mass peptides and amino
acids, but lipolysis was not greatly affected. Statistical
analyses using response surface methodology indicated that
the manufacture of goat cheese could be optimized by the
addition of 0.30% (vol/wt) milk hydrolysate, 3 x 10(7)
of viable B. lactis and 7 x 10(6) of viable L. acidophilus
cells/ml of milk, respectively, 3.50% (wt/wt) salt, and
ripening for 70 d.
MH - Cheese|AN/*MI
MH - Food Technology|*
MH - Goats|*
MH - Probiotics|*
SO - J Dairy Sci 1998 Jun; 81(6):1492-507
4
AU - Novik GI
TI - [Structure-functional organization of bifidobacteria]
AB - Regularities in the development of bifidobacterial populations
were studied at cellular and subcellular levels. The population
development of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MC-42 and B.
bifidum no. 1 was shown to be accompanied by morphological
cell differentiation. A scheme of morphological transformations
of bifidobacterial cells in the developmental cycle of
populations is proposed. Multiplication occurs via reversion
of transitory rod-shaped and coccoid forms into repeatedly
budding and dichotomously branching multiseptate filaments,
which, under certain conditions, fragment with the formation
of differentiated reproductive forms. The morphological
differentiation of bifidobacterial cells in the developmental
cycle of populations correlates with changes in the cell
ultrastructure. Physiologically active proliferating cells
contain an intracyto-plasmic mesosomal complex, chains
of polyribosomes connected with membrane structures, and
abundant polyphosphate and polyglucoside inclusions. Bifidobacterial
populations are highly organized mycelium-type structures,
whose integrity is provided for by the cohesion of the
cells. Intercellular contacts are accomplished via cell
wall fusion, capsules, and cordlike and globular structures.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*GD/IP/UL
SO - Mikrobiologiia 1998 May; 67(3):376-83
5
AU - Klein G
AU - Pack A
AU - Bonaparte C
AU - Reuter G
TI - Taxonomy and physiology of probiotic lactic acid bacteria.
AB - The current taxonomy of probiotic lactic acid bacteria
is reviewed with special focus on the genera Lactobacillus,
Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus. The physiology and taxonomic
position of species and strains of these genera were investigated
by phenotypic and genomic methods. In total, 176 strains,
including the type strains, have been included. Phenotypic
methods applied were based on biochemical, enzymatical
and physiological characteristics, including growth temperatures,
cell wall analysis and analysis of the total soluble cytoplasmatic
proteins. Genomic methods used were pulsed field gel electrophoresis
(PFGE), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR)
and DNA-DNA hybridization for bifidobacteria. In the genus
Lactobacillus the following species of importance as probiotics
were investigated: L. acidophilus group, L. casei group
and L. reuteri/L. fermentum group. Most strains referred
to as L. acidophilus in probiotic products could be identified
either as L. gasseri or as L. johnsonii, both members of
the L. acidophilus group. A similar situation could be
shown in the L. casei group, where most of the strains
named L. casei belonged to L. paracasei subspp. A recent
proposal to reject the species L. paracasei and to include
this species in the restored species L. casei with a neotype
strain was supported by protein analysis. Bifidobacterium
spp. strains have been reported to be used for production
of fermented dairy and recently of probiotic products.
According to phenotypic features and confirmed by DNA-DNA
hybridization most of the bifidobacteria strains from dairy
origin belonged to B. animalis, although they were often
declared as B. longum by the manufacturer. From the genus
Enterococcus, probiotic Ec. faecium strains were investigated
with regard to the vanA-mediated resistance against glycopeptides.
These unwanted resistances could be ruled out by analysis
of the 39 kDa resistance protein. In conclusion, the taxonomy
and physiology of probiotic lactic acid bacteria can only
be understood by using polyphasic taxonomy combining morphological,
biochemical and physiological characteristics with molecular-
based phenotypic and genomic techniques.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*CL/GE/PH
MH - Enterococcus|*CL/GE/PH
MH - Lactobacillus|*CL/GE/PH
MH - Probiotics|*CL
SO - Int J Food Microbiol 1998 May; 41(2):103-25
6
AU - Gómez Zavaglia A
AU - Kociubinski G
AU - Pérez P
AU - De Antoni G
TI - Isolation and characterization of Bifidobacterium strains
for probiotic formulation.
AB - Twenty-five Bifidobacterium strains isolated from infant
feces were identified by sugar fermentation patterns and
whole-cell protein analysis. Using gradient SDS-PAGE, six
characteristic protein bands of the genus were detected
in 40 strains of bifidobacteria but not in lactobacilli.
Computerized numerical analysis enabled strains to be grouped
in two main clusters. Strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum
belong to a well-differentiated cluster that joins the
cluster of the remaining species at 0.582 similarity. The
predominant species among isolated strains from infant
feces were B. bifidum, B. longum, and B. breve. Probiotic
and technological indicators such as surface properties,
inhibitory capacity, resistance to bile and low pH, and
ability to grow under aerobic conditions were studied.
Not all desirable characteristics were present in a single
strain. In general, adherent and inhibitory strains were
not resistant to bile, low pH, and aerobic conditions.
Only 10 of 40 strains were resistant to 0.5% bile.
MH - Bifidobacterium|CH/*IP/ME
SO - J Food Prot 1998 Jul; 61(7):865-73
7
AU - Marteau P
AU - Minekus M
AU - Havenaar R
AU - Huis int Veld JH
TI - Survival of lactic acid bacteria in a dynamic model of
the stomach and small intestine: validation and the effects
of bile.
AB - This study was conducted to validate a dynamic model of
the stomach and small intestine to quantify the survival
of lactic acid bacteria and to assess the influence of
gastrointestinal secretions. The survival of a single strain
of each of the following species, Bifidobacterium bifidum,
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and
Streptococcus thermophilus, was measured under physiological
conditions (e.g., peristalsis, changes in pH, and changes
in concentrations of enzymes and bile) and were compared
with data obtained from humans. No significant differences
were found between the in vitro and in vivo data, indicating
that the model has a predictive value for the survival
of these bacteria in humans. The survival of these strains
of lactic acid bacteria in the gastrointestinal model was
investigated under two different conditions in the small
intestine: simulation of physiological secretion of bile
and low bile secretion. Reductions in viability were significantly
different between the bacterial species. The dose-response
effect of bile on the survival of the tested bacteria was
significant, demonstrating the bactericidal effect of bile
salts. This study demonstrates the differences among bacterial
species in their sensitivity to gastric and intestinal
secretions.
MH - Bifidobacterium|GD/*IP/PH
MH - Bile Acids and Salts|*PD
MH - Intestine, Small|*MI/PH
MH - Lactobacillus|GD/*IP/PH
MH - Models, Biological|*
MH - Stomach|*MI/PH
MH - Streptococcus|GD/*IP/PH
SO - J Dairy Sci 1997 Jun; 80(6):1031-7
8
AU - Fukushima Y
AU - Kawata Y
AU - Hara H
AU - Terada A
AU - Mitsuoka T
TI - Effect of a probiotic formula on intestinal immunoglobulin
A production in healthy children.
AB - The anti-infectious effect of probiotics has recently been
reported and one mechanism may be the non-specific stimulation
of immunity. This study was performed to elucidate the
influence of a probiotic formula on intestinal microflora
and local immunity in healthy children. A follow-up formula
containing viable bifidobacteria was given to seven healthy
Japanese children (15 to 31 months old) for 21 days. During
intake of the formula, the administered strain was detected
in feces from five subjects (71%) and total fecal bifidobacteria
slightly increased. Fecal levels of total IgA and anti-
poliovirus IgA during intake of the formula were significantly
higher than those before intake (P < 0.05). The increase
in local IgA levels resulting from ingestion of the probiotic
formula may contribute to enhancement of the mucosal resistance
against gastrointestinal infections.
MH - Bifidobacterium|GD/IM/*PH
MH - IgA, Secretory|AN/*BI/IM
MH - Intestines|*IM
MH - Probiotics|*
SO - Int J Food Microbiol 1998 Jun; 42(1-2):39-44
DP - 1998 Jun
TA - Int J Food Microbiol
9
AU - Flickinger EA
AU - Campbell JM
AU - Schmitt LG
AU - Fahey GC Jr
TI - Selected lignosulfonate fractions affect growth performance,
digestibility, and cecal and colonic properties in rats.
AB - We determined the effects of lignosulfonate (LS) on nutrient
digestibility and on hindgut fermentation characteristics
using 80 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a control diet
or a diet containing 3% (dry matter basis) of seven selected
LS fractions. Lignosulfonate fractions were divided into
three categories: two fractionated whole calcium spent
sulfite liquors (CaSSL) and one low-molecular-weight permeate
of CaSSL designated as WholeLS 1, 2, and 3, respectively;
two extracted sodium LS (NaLS) fractions denoted as HighLS
1 and 2 (high percentage of NaLS); and two concentrated
sugar solutions designated as LowLS 1 and 2 (low percentage
of NaLS). All diets containing LS were less digestible
(P < .001) than the control diet. Lignosulfonate treatment
had a variable effect on short-chain fatty acid concentration
except for LowLS 1, which tended to enhance butyrate concentration.
Cecal organ weights were greater (P < .001) for LS treatments,
but there was no difference in colonic organ weights. All
cecal and colonic pH values, except the cecal pH for HighLS
2, were lower (P < .001) for LS treatment groups. Colonic
Bifidobacterium increased (P < .005) with WholeLS 1 and
3 and HighLS 2 treatments. Cecal Lactobacillus levels were
increased (P < .001) by WholeLS 1 and 2, LowLS 2, and HighLS
2. Results show that ingestion of selected LS fractions
can modify digestive physiology and gastrointestinal tract
characteristics of rats.
MH - Cecum|CH/*DE/MI
MH - Colon|CH/*DE/MI
MH - Digestion|*DE
MH - Lignin|*AA/AD/PD
MH - Rats, Sprague-Dawley|GD/*PH
MH - Weight Gain|*DE
SO - J Anim Sci 1998 Jun; 76(6):1626-35
10
AU - Sreekumar O
AU - Hosono A
TI - The antimutagenic properties of a polysaccharide produced
by Bifidobacterium longum and its cultured milk against
some heterocyclic amines.
AB - The antimutagenicity and fermentation pattern of three
Bifidobacterium longum strains (B. longum, B. longum PS+
, and B. longum PS-) in skim milk were studied. The increase
in fermentation time significantly increased antimutagenicity
with all strains tested against the mutagenicity of both
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1)
and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) in
an Ames-like test using streptomycin-dependent strain SD510
of Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Bifidobacterium longum
PS+, a polysaccharide-producing strain, had a longer lag
phase but showed the highest inhibition percentage against
both mutagens tested. The viability of B. longum PS+ cells
was not affected by the low pH of 4.1, probably owing to
the protection offered by the polysaccharide produced.
The antimutagenicity of the fermented milk against Trp-
P-1 was dose dependent. The strains were also able to bind
with different amino acid pyrolysates, and B. longum showed
the highest binding. Acetone extracts of fermented skim
milk dissolved in water showed less antimutagenicity than
extracts dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. The isolated crude
polysaccharide from B. longum PS+ showed a dose-dependent
inhibition of the mutagenicity of Trp-P-1. Thus, we conclude
that the polysaccharide of B. longum PS+ can be used as
an antimutagen.
MH - Amines|ME/*TO
MH - Antimutagenic Agents|*PD
MH - Bifidobacterium|GD/*ME
MH - Milk|*MI
MH - Polysaccharides, Bacterial|*BI/*PD
SO - Can J Microbiol 1998 Nov; 44(11):1029-36
11
AU - Park HY
AU - Bae EA
AU - Han MJ
AU - Choi EC
AU - Kim DH
TI - Inhibitory effects of Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from
a healthy Korean on harmful enzymes of human intestinal
microflora.
AB - Five hundreds of bifidobacteria were isolated from a healthy
Korean and the inhibitory effects of these isolated bacteria
on harmful enzymes of human intestinal microflora were
examined by cocultivation of the isolated bifidobacteria
with E. coli or total human intestinal microflora. In comparison
with the results of E. coli or intestinal microflora cultivation,
Bifidobacterium breve K-110, B. breve K-111 and B. infantis
K-525 effectively inhibited harmful enzymes (beta-glucuronidase
and tryptophanase) of E. coli and lowered the pH of the
culture media. Also they inhibited the harmful enzymes
(beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, tryptophanase and
urease) and ammonia production of intestinal microflora,
and lowered pH of the culture media by increasing lactic
acid bacteria of intestinal microflora. When these isolated
bifidobacteria were administered on mice, fecal harmful
enzymes were also inhibited. Among tested bifidobacteria,
B. breve K-110 had the highest inhibitory effect of fecal
harmful enzymes.
MH - Bacteria|*EN
MH - Bifidobacterium|IP/*ME
MH - Intestines|*EN/*MI
SO - Arch Pharm Res 1998 Feb; 21(1):54-61
12
AU - Bouhnik Y
AU - Vahedi K
AU - Achour L
AU - Attar A
AU - Salfati J
AU - Pochart P
AU - Marteau P
AU - Flourié B
AU - Bornet F
AU - Rambaud JC
TI - Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide administration dose-
dependently increases fecal bifidobacteria in healthy humans.
AB - Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (SC-FOS) are a mixture
of oligosaccharides consisting of glucose linked to fructose
units (Gfn; n = </= 4), which are not digested in the human
small intestine but are fermented in the colon where they
specifically promote the growth of bifidobacteria. In healthy
volunteers, we assessed the tolerance and the threshold
dose of SC-FOS that significantly increased fecal bifidobacteria
counts and the possibility of a dose-response relationship.
Randomly divided into five groups and eating their usual
diets, healthy volunteers (40: 18 males, 22 females) ingested
in two oral doses for 7 d a powder mixture containing (
g SC-FOS/d): 0, G0; 2.5, G2.5; 5, G5; 10, G10; 20, G20.
Stools were collected before (d1) and at the end (d8) of
sugar consumption, and tolerance was evaluated using a
daily chart. Total anaerobe counts were not affected by
SC-FOS ingestion. Bifidobacteria counts at d8 were greater
in groups G10 and G20 than in G0 and G2.5 (P < 0.05). Fecal
pH did not differ among groups. A significant correlation
between the dose of SC-FOS ingested and the fecal bifidobacteria
counts was observed at d8 (r = 0.53; P < 0.01). Excess
flatus was significantly more frequent in subjects consuming
G20 than in those consuming G0, G2.5 or G5 (P < 0.05),
and more intense in G20 than in G0 and G5 groups (P < 0.
05). In conclusion, the optimal and well-tolerated dose
of SC-FOS that significantly increased fecal bifidobacteria
in healthy volunteers consuming their usual diet is 10
g/d.
MH - Bifidobacterium|DE/*GD
MH - Feces|CH/*MI
MH - Fructose|AE/CH/*PD
MH - Oligosaccharides|AE/CH/*PD
AD - INSERM U 290
AD - Fonctions intestinales
AD - métabolisme et nutrition
AD - Hôpital Saint-Lazare
AD - 75010 Paris
AD - France.
SO - J Nutr 1999 Jan; 129(1):113-6
13
AU - Gomes AM
AU - Malcata FX
TI - Use of small ruminants' milk supplemented with available
nitrogen as growth media for Bifidobacterium lactis and
Lactobacillus acidophilus.
AB - Growth of, and acid production by Bifidobacterium lactis
and Lactobacillus acidophilus using ovine and caprine milk
as media were evaluated for their potential use in cheese-
making. A protein hydrolysate (MHP, obtained from incubation
of bovine milk with protease) or a mixture of free amino
acids (FAA, similar to the amino acid fraction of MHP)
was added as a nitrogen enrichment source. Bifidobacterium
lactis and Lact. acidophilus were inoculated at 50 ml l-
1 and incubated at 37 degrees C with growth supplements
added at ratios in the range 25-50 ml l-1. The maximum
viable counts of Bif. lactis were lower in plain ovine
and caprine milk than in nitrogen-enriched milk, and MHP
was a better growth promoter than FAA. A similar trend
was observed with the acidity values developed, and attempts
to correlate growth with acidity were successfully performed.
The highest uptake rates of amino acids in ovine milk were
observed for lysine, isoleucine, leucine and proline, but
only isoleucine was taken up at a similar rate in caprine
milk. Final bacterial viable counts of Lact. acidophilus
in the plain and enriched forms of ovine milk did not differ
greatly from each other, although FAA was statistically
a better growth promoter than MHP. Unlike results in ovine
milk, cultures of Lact. acidophilus in caprine milk exhibited
drops of 1-1.5 log cycles in viable cell counts by 24 h
of fermentation, irrespective of the nature of the nitrogen
source. Parallel studies indicated that the excess of fatty
acid residues in caprine milk could be responsible for
the poor growth of Lact. acidophilus.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*GD/ME
MH - Lactobacillus acidophilus|*GD/ME
MH - Milk|*
MH - Nitrogen|*AD
MH - Protein Hydrolysates|*AD/IP
SO - J Appl Microbiol 1998 Nov; 85(5):839-48
14
AU - Tahri K
AU - Grill JP
AU - Schneider F
TI - Involvement of trihydroxyconjugated bile salts in cholesterol
assimilation by bifidobacteria.
AB - To determine the conditions of cholesterol assimilation,
various strains of Bifidobacterium species were cultured
in the presence of cholesterol and bile salts. During culturing,
Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700 assimilates cholesterol
in the presence of oxgall at pH values lower than 6. This
strain was selected to study the influence of conjugated
(taurocholic acid) and deconjugated (cholic acid) bile
salts on cholesterol assimilation. B. breve ATCC 15700
assimilated cholesterol(up to 51%) when cultures were undertaken
in the presence of taurocholic acid, whereas less than
13% of the initial amount ofcholesterol was measured in
the cells in the presence of cholic acid.Cultured in the
presence of six individual di- or trihydroxyconjugated
bile salts, bifidobacteria strains assimilated cholesterol.
This assimilation appeared to be more important in the
presence of trihydroxyconjugated bile salts (tauro- and
glycocholic acids). It is concluded thattrihydroxyconjugated
bile salts are involved in the assimilation of cholesterol
by bifidobacteria.
MH - Bifidobacterium|GD/*ME
MH - Bile|*ME
MH - Cholesterol|AN/*ME/*PD
SO - Curr Microbiol 1997 Feb; 34(2):79-84
15
AU - Kasper H
TI - Protection against gastrointestinal diseases--present facts
and future developments.
AB - The importance of the intestinal microflora and, more specifically
its composition, in physiological and pathophysiological
processes in the human GIT is becoming more evident. Examples
of such processes are translocation, the production and
resorption of endotoxins, immune-modulation, and colonic
motility. This leads to new possibilities for prevention
and therapy of diseases, mainly of the gastrointestinal
organs. New discoveries are specifically related to the
beneficial effects of lactobacilli which have been discussed
for decades. It is possible to increase the proportion
of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal microflora by consumption
of fermented dairy products or by oral administration of
specific non-digestible substrates such as oligofructose.
Results from clinical trials and scientific studies have
confirmed the preventive and therapeutic effects of selected
strains of lactobacilli in viral- and bacterial-induced
intestinal infections, in positively influencing immunological
parameters, in normalizing the intestinal motility, and
in inhibiting metabolic events in the gut lumen which promote
colonic carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, there are still unresolved
issues which can only be answered by well designed and
well controlled clinical trials.
MH - Gastrointestinal Diseases|MI/*PC
MH - Gastrointestinal System|*MI
MH - Lactobacillus|CL/*PH
MH - Probiotics|*TU
SO - Int J Food Microbiol 1998 May; 41(2):127-31
16
AU - Charteris WP
AU - Kelly PM
AU - Morelli L
AU - Collins JK
TI - Antibiotic susceptibility of potentially probiotic Bifidobacterium
isolates from the human gastrointestinal tract.
AB - Sixteen Bifidobacterium isolates from the human gastrointestinal
tract were assayed for susceptibility to 44 antibiotics
by soft agar overlay disc diffusion on TPY agar. Five isolates
(3/7 B. bifidum and 2/3 B. breve) exhibited atypical antibiotic
susceptibility profiles. Poor growth in the agar overlay
accounted for susceptibility of B. bifidum but not B. breve
isolates. All other isolates were resistant to cefoxitin
(30 micrograms), aztreonam (30 micrograms), vancomycin
(30 micrograms), amikacin (30 micrograms), gentamicin (
10 micrograms), kanamycin (30 micrograms), streptomycin
(10 micrograms), fusidic acid (10 micrograms), trimethoprim
(5 micrograms), norfloxacin (10 micrograms), nalidixic
acid (30 micrograms), metronidazole (5 micrograms), polymyxin
B (300 micrograms) and colistin sulphate (10 micrograms)
, and they were susceptible to the six penicillins studied,
cephalothin (30 micrograms), cefuroxime (30 micrograms)
, cefaclor (30 micrograms), ceftizoxime (30 micrograms)
, cefotaxime (30 micrograms), bacitracin (10 micrograms)
, chloramphenicol (30 micrograms), erythromycin (15 micrograms)
, clindamycin (2 micrograms), rifampicin (5 micrograms)
and nitrofurantoin (300 micrograms). In addition, they
varied in their susceptibility to cephradine (30 micrograms)
, cephazolin (30 micrograms), cefoperazone (75 micrograms)
, ceftriaxone (30 micrograms), ofloxacin (5 micrograms)
and furazolidone (15 micrograms). They were resistant,
or only marginally moderately susceptible, to ceftazidime
(30 micrograms), netilmicin (10 micrograms), sulphamethoxazole
(100 micrograms), cotrimoxazole (25 micrograms) and ciprofloxacin
(5 micrograms), and susceptible or marginally moderately
susceptible to tetracycline (30 micrograms). All B. bifidum
isolates were susceptible to cefixime (5 micrograms). Four
microorganism-drug combinations were evaluated for beta-
lactamase activity but its absence suggested that cell
wall impermeability was responsible for cephalosporin resistance
among bifidobacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility of
B. animalis 25527T was similar to that of the human isolates.
MH - Antibiotics|*PD
MH - Bifidobacterium|*DE/IP
MH - Gastrointestinal System|*MI
MH - Probiotics|*
SO - Lett Appl Microbiol 1998 May; 26(5):333-7
17
AU - Jaskari J
AU - Kontula P
AU - Siitonen A
AU - Jousimies Somer H
AU - Mattila Sandholm T
AU - Poutanen K
TI - Oat beta-glucan and xylan hydrolysates as selective substrates
for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains.
AB - Novel oligomers that resist digestion in the upper gut
were prepared from oat mixed-linked beta-glucan and xylan
by enzymatic hydrolysis with lichenase of Bacillus subtilis
and xylanase of Trichoderma reesei respectively. The low-
molecular-mass hydrolysis products of beta-glucan and xylan
were compared with fructooligomers and raffinose in their
ability to provide growth substrates for probiotic (Lactobacillus
and Bifidobacterium) and intestinal (Bacteroides, Clostridium
and Escherichia coli) strains in vitro. A degradation profile
of each carbohydrate and total sugar consumption were analysed
with HPLC, and bacterial growth rate with an automatic
turbidometer, the Bioscreen C system. beta-Glucooligomers
and xylooligomers both enhanced the growth of health-promoting
probiotic strains as compared with intestinal bacterial
growth, but not to a significant level. Raffinose stimulated
the probiotic strains significantly, whereas fructooligomers
induced high average growth for intestinal bacteria also.
MH - Bifidobacterium|GD/*ME
MH - Glucans|*ME
MH - Lactobacillus|GD/*ME
MH - Probiotics|*
MH - Xylans|*ME
SO - Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998 Feb; 49(2):175-81
18
AU - Novik GI
AU - Astapovich NI
AU - Samartsev AA
AU - Riabaia NE
TI - [Isolation and characteristics of a protein-polysaccharide
complex, secreted by Bifidobacterium adolescentis]
AB - Extracellular fibrillar protein-polysaccharide complex
(PPC) of Bifidobacterium adolescentis was found to be bound
to the outer surface of the cell wall. However, at the
late stages of B. adolescentis cultivation (48-72 h of
growth), it also occurred in the culture liquid, which
can be explained by the expansion of the outer material
of the cell wall. PPCs isolated from the cell surface and
culture liquid contained proteins and carbohydrates in
a ratio of 1:1 and from 1:4 to 1:5, respectively. PPC exerted
a concentration-dependent bifidogenic effect: it stimulated
growth, acidogenesis, accumulation of extracellular proteins
and enzymes, and sugar utilization in B. adolescentis cells
grown in synthetic Eagle's medium. PPC also promoted the
rehabilitation of anabiotic forms of B. adolescentis. The
PPC variants III-DN-48 and IV-DN-24, isolated from the
cell surface of B. adolescentis, had the most pronounced
bifidogenic effect.
MH - Bacterial Proteins|*IP/ME/SE
MH - Bifidobacterium|*ME/UL
MH - Polysaccharides|*IP/ME/SE
SO - Mikrobiologiia 1997 Sep; 66(5):621-7
19
AU - McBain AJ
AU - Macfarlane GT
TI - Investigations of bifidobacterial ecology and oligosaccharide
metabolism in a three-stage compound continuous culture
system.
AB - BACKGROUND: Several different types of in vitro fermentation
systems are currently employed to investigate pro- and
prebiotic activities in the human large intestinal microbiota,
ranging from simple batch cultures, with or without stirring
and pH control, to more complex models involving pH controlled
single and multiple-component continuous culture systems.
METHODS: In this investigation, we used a three-stage continuous
culture model to study the activities of colonic bacteria.
This fermentation system reproduces several of the nutritional
and environmental characteristics of the proximal large
intestine (vessel 1) and the distal colon (vessels 2 and
3), and was validated using bacteriological, metabolic
and chemical measurements made with intestinal material
obtained from different regions of the large bowel. In
this paper, we report studies on prospective probiotic
effects of Bifidobacterium longum NCFB 2259 in relation
to other bacterial populations, production of tyrosine
and phenylalanine metabolites, and bacterial synthesis
of enzymes involved in the formation of putatively genotoxic
metabolites, including beta-glucosidase (GS), arylsulphatase
(AS), beta-glucuronidase (GN), nitroreductase (NR) and
azoreductase (AR). RESULTS: Bacterial activities at two
different retention times were studied (31.1 and 68.4 h)
, which correspond to large intestinal transit times. At
R = 31.4 h, significant probiotic effects were observed
with respect to reductions in GS and GN, upon adding B.
longum. However, despite the fact that this organism does
not ferment aromatic amino acids or produce significant
amounts of genotoxic enzymes, dysbiotic manifestations
occurred in that both NR synthesis and dissimilatory tyrosine
metabolism were stimulated. In contrast, at R = 68.4 h,
GS formation increased between five and 20-fold, while
GN and NR activities increased by a factor of two after
adding the bifidobacterium. These data are reviewed in
relation to potential health hazards that may be encountered
with long-term probiotic administration. In the prebiotic
experiments, the three-stage fermentation system was operated
at R = 65 h. Oligofructose was added to V1 to give an initial
concentration of 30 grams per litre, when the system was
in steady state, to study its effects on a number of experimental
parameters including bifidogenicity, bacterial growth,
fermentation product formation and mutagenicity. After
addition of the oligosaccharide, a multiplicity of effects
were observed in V1, where synthesis of NR and AR, bifidobacterial
populations and overall fermentation processes were stimulated,
although these influences progressively diminished in V2
and V3. CONCLUSIONS: These studies indicate that bacterial
metabolism and putative beneficial consequences associated
with the breakdown of readily fermentable prebiotics in
the large intestine may in some circumstances be spatially
and temporally limited to the proximal bowel.
MH - Bifidobacterium|GD/*ME
MH - Colon|ME/*MI
MH - Oligosaccharides|*ME
SO - Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997; 222():32-40
20
AU - Ballongue J
TI - Technical problems related to in vitro study of colon flora.
AB - The complexity of colon flora and the technical problems
encountered in the sampling techniques and their processing
limit the study of its composition and activities. First,
we list the main limitations related to the sampling procedure-
transport and storage. We show that (i) use of a cryoprotective
medium is necessary for sample storage and (ii) that storage
has to be at -40 degrees C. Second, bacterial analysis
and enzymatic activities are examined. The lack of specificity
of the culture media generally used means that systematic
studies are difficult to carry out and that bacterial identification
at species level requires genetic techniques. Third, we
show that activities of procarcinogenic enzymes are significantly
affected by any kind of storage. Finally, for statistics,
the problem of the size and the nutritional habits of the
studied population is examined.
MH - Bacteria|GD/*IP
MH - Colon|*MI
MH - Feces|*MI
MH - Specimen Handling|*MT
SO - Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997; 222():14-6
21
AU - Pierre F
AU - Perrin P
AU - Champ M
AU - Bornet F
AU - Meflah K
AU - Menanteau J
TI - Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides reduce the occurrence
of colon tumors and develop gut-associated lymphoid tissue
in Min mice.
AB - C57BL/6J-Min/+ mice, which are heterozygous for a non-sense
mutation in the Apc gene, provide a model for both familial
adenomatous polyposis and sporadic colon cancers. In our
study, gut tumors and small intestine lymphoid nodules
were counted in Min mice fed fiber-enriched diets for 6
weeks. Neither starch-free wheat bran nor resistant starch
modified the number of tumors. However, short-chain fructo-
oligosaccharides dramatically reduced the incidence of
colon tumors and concomitantly developed gut-associated
lymphoid tissue. Our experiment shows that short-chain
fructo-oligosaccharides counteract advanced stages of colon
carcinogenesis, possibly via stimulation of antitumoral
immunity by modulation of the colonic ecosystem.
MH - Colonic Neoplasms|IM/*PC
MH - Dietary Fiber|*PD
MH - Oligosaccharides|CH/*PD
MH - Peyer's Patches|*DE/GD
MH - Precancerous Conditions|IM/*PC
SO - Cancer Res 1997 Jan; 57(2):225-8
1
AU - Gomes AM
AU - Malcata FX
AU - Klaver FA
TI - Growth enhancement of Bifidobacterium lactis Bo and Lactobacillus
acidophilus Ki by milk hydrolyzates.
AB - The determination of the best conditions of preparation
of a (tentatively) probiotic starter culture that might
be suitable for cheese making composed solely of Bifidobacterium
lactis Bo and Lactobacillus acidophilus Ki is critical
if a consistently reliable acid production is to be achieved,
especially because bifidobacteria have stringent requirements
for growth. Therefore, we determined whether B. lactis
Bo and L. acidophilus Ki required or benefitted from the
addition of milk hydrolyzates (brought about by proteinase
or neutrase as the nitrogen source). The growth and acid
production of B. lactis in milk were affected by the addition
of proteinase-mediated hydrolyzate and, to a lesser extent,
by neutrase-mediated hydrolyzate; a higher degree of hydrolysis
of either hydrolyzate resulted in greater biomass increase
and greater acid production. This result suggests that
the poor growth of bifidobacteria in milk is due partially
to the lack of small peptides and free amino acids. The
rates of growth and acidification by B. lactis were enhanced
when cocultured with L. acidophilus (1:1 inoculum ratio)
. Conversely, the growth rates and acid production of L.
acidophilus were not positively affected by the addition
of either milk hydrolyzate. Although L. acidophilus grew
slowly, its proteolytic system was apparently able to generate
its own nitrogen source. Nevertheless, coculture with B.
lactis (1:1 inoculum ratio) led to enhanced rates of growth
and acidification when compared with that of the single
strain, suggesting some degree of symbiosis between the
strains.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*GD
MH - Lactobacillus acidophilus|*GD
MH - Milk|*/ME
AD - Escola Superior de Biotecnolgia
AD - Universidade Católica Portuguesa
AD - Portugal.
SO - J Dairy Sci 1998 Nov; 81(11):2817-25
2
AU - Pérez PF
AU - Minnaard Y
AU - Disalvo EA
AU - De Antoni GL
TI - Surface properties of bifidobacterial strains of human origin.
AB - The adherence of Bifidobacterium strains isolated from
infant feces and commercial fermented dairy products to
enterocyte-like cells was correlated with the autoagglutination
and hemagglutination properties of these organisms. These
results allowed us to define two groups: (i) cell-adherent
bacteria showing hemagglutination and autoagglutination
and (ii) non-cell-adherent, nonhemagglutinating, nonautoagglutinating
bacteria. Glass adherence was shown to be nonspecific and
was discarded as a criterion for selection of adherent
cells. Hydrophobicity appeared to be necessary for adhesion
to enterocyte-like cells and autoagglutination. Adhesive
strains were highly hydrophobic, and the degree of adherence
was slightly dependent on the surface potential. Cells
autoagglutinated more when the electrostatic negative charges
on the cell surface were shielded by a decrease in the
pH from 7 to 2. However, in some strains negative charges
at the cell surface were adjuvant to adhesion, thus suggesting
that specific chemical interactions occurred. The present
results provide a method for preliminary selection of bacteria
potentially adherent to epithelial cells by means of autoagglutination.
MH - Bacterial Adhesion|*
MH - Bifidobacterium|DE/*PH
SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1998 Jan; 64(1):21-6
3
AU - Schiffrin EJ
AU - Brassart D
AU - Servin AL
AU - Rochat F
AU - Donnet Hughes A
TI - Immune modulation of blood leukocytes in humans by lactic
acid bacteria: criteria for strain selection.
AB - Lactic acid bacteria in food can transiently colonize the
intestine and exert beneficial effects (probiotic). Survival
during intestinal transit or adhesion to epithelium or
both seem to be important for modifying the host's immune
reactivity. Because Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La1
is adherent to enterocytes in vitro, we hypothesize that
contact with immune cells may occur in vivo. However, Bifidobacterium
bifidum strain Bb12, which shows high fecal colonization,
is another potential immunomodulator. Twenty-eight volunteers
were divided into two groups and given a fermented product
containing one of the two strains. Lymphocyte subsets and
leukocyte phagocytic activity were studied in blood. No
modifications were detected in lymphocyte subsets. In contrast,
phagocytosis of Escherichia coli ssp. was enhanced in both
groups (P < 0.001 for both). Bacterial adhesion to enterocytes,
fecal colonization, or both seem to be valuable selection
criteria for immunomodulation. Antiinfective mechanisms
of defense can be enhanced after ingestion of specific
lactic acid bacteria strains.
MH - Bifidobacterium|IP/*PH
MH - Lactobacillus acidophilus|IP/*PH/UL
MH - Leukocytes|*IM
SO - Am J Clin Nutr 1997 Aug; 66(2):515S-520S
4
AU - Catala I
AU - Butel MJ
AU - Bensaada M
AU - Popot F
AU - Tessedre AC
AU - Rimbault A
AU - Szylit O
TI - Oligofructose contributes to the protective role of bifidobacteria
in experimental necrotising enterocolitis in quails.
AB - Bifidobacteria are dominant in the gut of full-term infants,
although colonisation by them is often delayed in preterm
neonates. Bifidobacteria are recognised to have beneficial
effects on digestive disorders and they might prevent neonatal
necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), a gastrointestinal disease
that predominantly affects premature infants. They have
been shown to protect gnotobiotic quails against NEC-like
lesions when the birds were inoculated with faecal flora
from preterm infants, decreasing the clostridial population.
The present study was designed to investigate whether oligofructose,
which stimulates the activity of bifidobacteria, may enhance
their protective role. Experiments were done in eight groups
of germ-free quails for 28 days. The groups differed as
to their bacterial status, diet and environment. Quails
were inoculated with one of two flora from premature twins.
The first flora included Bifidobacterium pseudo-catenulatum,
Escherichia coli and no clostridia. The second flora included
clostridial species and was associated with B. infantis-
longum. Caecal bacterial population and metabolism changes
were investigated with a lactose (6%) diet versus a lactose-
oligofructose (3%-3%) diet, either in a gnotobiotic environment
or in an ordinary environment permitting post-colonisation
by exogenous bacteria. In both environments and with both
flora, oligofructose significantly increased the level
of bifidobacteria and this was associated with a decrease
of E. coli or C. perfringens and C. ramosum. The bacterial
changes in the ordinary environment depended on the initial
composition of the microflora and the colonisation resistance
against exogenous bacteria was more efficient with the
flora that included B. pseudo-catenulatum. The changes
in caecal pH and short-chain fatty acids were minimal.
It was demonstrated that, irrespective of the environmental
conditions, the use of oligofructose helped to prevent
the overgrowth of bacteria implicated in necrotising enterocolitis
in preterm neonates.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*GD
MH - Clostridium|*GD
MH - Enterobacteriaceae|*GD
MH - Enterocolitis, Necrotizing|MI/*PC
MH - Fructose|AD/*PD
MH - Intestines|ME/*MI/PP
MH - Oligosaccharides|AD/*PD
AD - Unité d'Ecologie et Physiologie du Système Digestif
AD - Equipe Métabolites Bactériens et Santé
AD - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
AD - Jouy-en-Josas
AD - France.
SO - J Med Microbiol 1999 Jan; 48(1):89-94
5
AU - Lankaputhra WE
AU - Shah NP
TI - Antimutagenic properties of probiotic bacteria and of organic
acids.
AB - Antimutagenic activities of live and killed cells of 6
strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 9 strains of bifidobacteria
and of organic acids usually produced by these probiotic
bacteria were determined using 8 potent chemical mutagens
and promutagens. The mutagens and promutagens used were
N-methyl, N'-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine; 2-nitroflourene;
4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine; 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide; Aflatoxin-
B; 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazoquinoline; 2-amino-1-methyl-
6-phenyl-imidazo (4,5-b) pyridine, and 2-amino-3-methyl-
9H-pyrido (3,3-6) indole. The mutagenicity of these mutagens
and antimutagenic activity of probiotic bacteria against
the mutagens were determined according to the Ames TA-100
assay using a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Efficiency
of bacterial cells in binding or inhibiting these mutagens
was also investigated. Live cells of probiotic bacteria
showed higher antimutagenic activity and their efficiency
in inhibiting the mutagens was better than killed bacterial
cells. Live bacterial cells bound or inhibited the mutagens
permanently, whereas killed bacteria released mutagens
upon extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide. Among the organic
acids, butyric acid showed highest inhibition of mutagens
followed by acetic acid. Lactic and pyruvic acids did not
show appreciable levels of inhibition.
MH - Bifidobacterium|ME/*PH
MH - Carboxylic Acids|*ME
MH - Lactobacillus acidophilus|ME/*PH
MH - Mutagens|*TO
MH - Probiotics|*
SO - Mutat Res 1998 Feb; 397(2):169-82
6
AU - Meng Q
AU - Kerley MS
AU - Russel TJ
AU - Allee GL
TI - Lectin-like activity of Escherichia coli K88, Salmonella
choleraesuis, and Bifidobacteria pseudolongum of porcine
gastrointestinal origin.
AB - The lectin-like activity of Escherichia coli K88, Salmonella
choleraesuis, and Bifidobacteria pseudolongum of porcine
gastrointestinal origin was studied by hemagglutination
(HA) and HA inhibition assays. Although all the bacterial
strains were able to agglutinate Porcine and Lagomorpna
erythrocytes, much higher HA titers were consistently observed
for B. pseudolongum than for E. coli K88 or S. choleraesuis.
Proteinaceous components and glycoproteins were responsible
for the HA of E. coli K88 and B. pseudolongum, respectively,
because a remarkable reduction of HA titers occurred due
to treatment of E. coli K88 with protease or trypsin and
of B. pseudolongum with protease and periodate. Hemagglutination
of E. coli K88, S. choleraesuis, and B. pseudolongum was
strongly inhibited by galactosyl residue-containing glycoproteins,
including porcine and bovine mucin, thyroglobulin, and
fetuin. Some sugars, including lactose, galactose, xylose,
and xylooligosaccharide (XOS), at a relatively high concentration
(47 to 92 mg/mL) also exhibited an inhibitory activity
for the HA of B. pseudolongum. This result, combined with
the enhanced HA activity of the three bacterial strains
by modification of Lagomorpna erythrocytes with neuraminidase,
indicated that galactosyl residue-containing glycoproteins
mediated the HA of E. coli K88, S. choleraesuis, and B.
pseudolongum. Our study demonstrated that proteinaceous
or glycoproteinaceous lectin-like substances that recognize
galactosyl residue-containing molecules, especially intestinal
mucin, exist on the surface of E. coli K88, S. choleraesuis,
and B. pseudolongum.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*IM/IP
MH - Escherichia coli|*IM/IP
MH - Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests|*
MH - Hemagglutination Tests|*
MH - Intestines|*MI
MH - Lectins|*
MH - Salmonella|*IM/IP
MH - Swine|*MI
SO - J Anim Sci 1998 Feb; 76(2):551-6
7
AU - Roberfroid MB
AU - Van Loo JA
AU - Gibson GR
TI - The bifidogenic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis
products.
AB - Research data on the bifidogenic effect of beta(2-1)fructans,
which at present are commercialized in the U.S., Japan
and Europe as food ingredients, are presented. These food
ingredients originate from two different sources. Short-
chain fructo-oligosaccharides are synthesized from sucrose
and are composed of GFn [n beta(2-1) linked fructose moieties
bound to a glucose molecule; 2 </= n </= 4]. The longer
chain length molecule inulin is extracted with hot water
from chicory roots (Cichorium intybus) and is also composed
of GFn molecules (with 2 < n < 60). Oligofructose is a
partial hydrolysate of inulin and is composed of GFn and
Fm molecules (n and m indicate the number of fructose moieties
with 2 </= n, m </= 7). All types of beta(2-1)fructans
are well fermented by intestinal bacteria. For a given
chain length, there is no difference in fermentation rate
between GFn- and Fm-type beta-fructans. In vitro fermentation
of inulin revealed that molecules with a chain length (
degree of polymerization or DP) > 10 are fermented on average
half as quickly as molecules with a DP < 10. All beta(2-
1)fructans are bifidogenic and classified as biobiotics.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*GD/ME
MH - Chicory|*CH
MH - Inulin|ME/*PD
SO - J Nutr 1998 Jan; 128(1):11-9
8
AU - Salminen S
AU - Salminen E
TI - Lactulose, lactic acid bacteria, intestinal microecology
and mucosal protection.
AB - During the fermentation of lactulose, short-chain fatty
acids are formed with consequent lowering of the colon
pH and modification of the microflora. Lactulose promotes
the growth of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria and,
more specifically, Lactobacillus acidophilus in the colon.
Lactulose and lactulose-containing products fermented with
lactic acid bacteria lower colonic pH balancing intestinal
microecology and normalizing intestinal transit. In animal
studies, lactulose promotes a mainly Gram-positive faecal
microflora, but large doses of lactulose may be associated
with transient diarrhoea. Our studies indicate that lactulose
with lactic acid bacteria effectively relieves constipation
in human volunteers. Lactulose with lactic acid bacteria
in a fermented diary product can balance and prevent radiotherapy-
associated diarrhoea and intestinal side effects. Normalizing
the intestinal flora and stabilizing mucosal integrity
with lactulose has beneficial effects in intestinal disorders.
Lactulose and lactic acid bacteria offer a promising ingredient
combination for future functional and special dietary foods
in treating intestinal disturbances.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*GD/ME
MH - Colon|*MI/RE
MH - Gastrointestinal Agents|*PD
MH - Lactobacillus acidophilus|*GD/ME
MH - Lactulose|*PD
SO - Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997; 222():45-8
9
AU - Dave RI
AU - Shah NP
TI - Ingredient supplementation effects on viability of probiotic
bacteria in yogurt.
AB - The present investigation studied the effects of cysteine,
whey powder, whey protein concentrate, acid casein hydrolysates,
or tryptone on the viability of Streptococcus thermophilus,
Lactobacillus acidophilus, and bifidobacteria. Changes
in pH, titratable acidity, redox potential, and viability
of bacteria were monitored during 24 h of fermentation
and refrigerated storage (4 degrees C) of yogurt for 35
d. The incubation time that was needed to reach pH 4.5
was considerably affected by the added ingredients. Also,
the drop in pH or the increase in acidity and redox potential
was dependent on the added ingredients. The addition of
cysteine, whey protein concentrate, acid casein hydrolysates,
or tryptone improved the viability of bifidobacteria to
a variable extent, but whey powder failed to improve their
viability. The morphology of S. thermophilus, as shown
by electron microscopy, was affected by cysteine at 500
mg/L, possibly as a result of reduced redox potential.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and amino acid analyses suggested
that the nitrogen source in the form of peptides and amino
acids improved the viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt
made with a commercial ABT (Lactobacillus acidophilus,
bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus thermophilus) starter
culture, which showed a dramatic decline in the counts
of this organism in previous studies.
MH - Bacteria|*GD
MH - Probiotics|*
MH - Yogurt|*MI
AD - Center for Bioprocessing and Food Technology
AD - Victoria University of Technology
AD - Australia.
SO - J Dairy Sci 1998 Nov; 81(11):2804-16
10
AU - Gibson GR
TI - Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using prebiotics.
AB - The human colonic flora has both beneficial and pathogenic
potentials with respect to host health. There is now much
interest in manipulation of the microbiota composition
in order to improve the potentially beneficial aspects.
The prebiotic approach dictates that non-viable food components
are specifically fermented in the colon by indigenous bacteria
thought to be of positive value, e.g. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli.
Any food ingredient that enters the large intestine is
a candidate prebiotic. However, to be effective, selectivity
of the fermentation is essential. Most current attention
and success has been derived using non-digestible oligosaccharides.
Types primarily being looked at include those which contain
fructose, xylose, soya, galactose, glucose and mannose.
In particular, fructose-containing oligosaccharides, which
occur naturally in a variety of plants such as onion, asparagus,
chicory, banana and artichoke, fulfil the prebiotic criteria.
Various data have shown that fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)
are specifically fermented by bifidobacteria. During controlled
feeding studies, ingestion of these prebiotics causes bifidobacteria
to become numerically dominant in faeces. Recent studies
have indicated that a FOS dose of 4 g/d is prebiotic. To
exploit this concept more fully, there is a need for assessments
of (a) improved determination of the gut microbiota composition
and activity; (b) the use of molecular methodologies to
assess accurately prebiotic identities and develop efficient
bacterial probing strategies; (c) the prebiotic potential
of raw and processed foods; and (d) the health consequences
of dietary modulation.
MH - Dietary Fiber|*AD
MH - Food Additives|*AD
MH - Intestines|*MI
MH - Oligosaccharides|*AD
AD - Microbiology Department
AD - Institute of Food Research
AD - Reading
AD - UK.
SO - Br J Nutr 1998 Oct; 80(4):S209-12
11
AU - Cummings JH
AU - Macfarlane GT
TI - Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism.
AB - The human large intestine contains a microbiota, the components
of which are generically complex and metabolically diverse.
Its primary function is to salvage energy from carbohydrate
not digested in the upper gut. This is achieved through
fermentation and absorption of the major products, short
chain fatty acids (SCFA), which represent 40-50% of the
available energy of the carbohydrate. The principal SCFA,
acetate, propionate and butyrate, are metabolized by the
colonic epithelium (butyrate), liver (propionate) and muscle
(acetate). Intestinal bacteria also have a role in the
synthesis of vitamins B and K and the metabolism of bile
acids, other sterols and xenobiotics. The colonic microflora
are also responsive to diet. In the presence of fermentable
carbohydrate substrates such as non-starch polysaccharides,
resistant starch and oligosaccharides, bacteria grow and
actively synthesize protein. The amount of protein synthesis
and turnover within the large intestine is difficult to
determine, but around 15 g biomass is excreted in faeces
each day containing 1 g bacterial-N. Whether bacterially
synthesized amino acids are ever absorbed from the colon
remains unclear. Finally, individual colonic micro-organisms
such as sulphate-reducing bacteria, bifidobacteria and
clostridia, respond selectively to specific dietary components
in a way that may be important to health.
MH - Bacteria|*ME
MH - Energy Metabolism|*PH
MH - Intestine, Large|*ME/*MI
SO - JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997 Nov; 21(6):357-65
12
AU - Roberfroid MB
TI - Health benefits of non-digestible oligosaccharides.
AB - Non-digestible oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates
of the non-a-glucan type which, because of the configuration
of their osidic bonds, resist hydrolysis by salivary and
intestinal digestive enzymes. In the colon they are fermented
by anaerobic bacteria. Among the non-digestible oligosaccharides,
the chicory fructooligosaccharides occupy a key position
and, in most european countries, they are recognised as
natural food ingredients. The other major products are
the short chain fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides
obtained by enzymatic synthesis using sucrose and lactose
as substrates respectively, the soybean oligosaccharides,
the xylooligosaccharides produced by partial hydrolysis
of xylans and polydextrose or pyrodextrins prepared by
a chemical treatment of carbohydrates. The most well known
effect of most non-digestible oligosaccharides, and in
particular of the fructooligosaccharides, is the selective
stimulation of the growth of Bifidobacteria thus modifying
significantly the composition of the colonic microbiota.
Such a modification, which has clearly been demonstrated
in human volunteers, is meant to be benificial in part
because it is accompanied by a significant reduction in
the number of bacteria reported to have pathogenic potential.
Within the framework of research and development of "functional
foods", such an effect justifies a "functional claim" for
fructooligosaccharides namely "bifidogenesis". They are
also typical "prebiotics". Besides their bifidogenic effect,
the chicory fructooligosaccharides have additional nutritional
properties on digestive physiological parameters like colonic
pH and stool bulking which justify their classification
as dietary fibers. Moreover, in experimental models, it
has also been reported that they improve the bioavailability
of essentiel minerals and that they reduce serum triglyceridemia
by lowering hepatic lipogenesis. Such effects demonstrate
interactions between the chicory fructooligosaccharides
and key functions in the body but their significance for
humans still need to be proven before being used to justify
additional claims.
MH - Dietary Carbohydrates|*AD/*ME
MH - Digestion|*
MH - Health Promotion|*
MH - Oligosaccharides|*AD/*ME
SO - Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 427():211-9
13
AU - Kleessen B
AU - Sykura B
AU - Zunft HJ
AU - Blaut M
TI - Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial
activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons.
AB - Constipation is an ailment encountered often in elderly
people. A study was initiated to test the effects of lactose
or inulin on the bowel habits of constipated elderly patients
and to correlate these effects with several variables measured
in feces such as microflora composition, concentration
of lactate and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), pH, and
the activities of beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase,
Groups of 15 and 10 patients received lactose and inulin,
respectively, for a period of 19 d. The dose, 20 g/d from
days 1 to 8, was gradually increased to 40 g/d from days
9 to 11 and was kept at this dose from days 12 to 19. There
was considerable interindividual variations with this kind
of dietary intervention. Inulin increased bifidobacteria
significantly from 7.9 to 9.2 log10/g dry feces, but decreased
enterococci in number and enterobacteria in frequency.
In individuals consuming lactose, a noticeable increase
in fecal counts of enterococci and a decrease in lactobacilli
and clostridia was detected. Total bacterial counts remained
unchanged. No changes in the concentrations of fecal SCFAs
and lactate were observed. SCFAs showed a slight trend
toward higher molar ratios of acetate to butyrate in response
to the intake of lactose or inulin. The fecal pH and the
beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase activities were
not influenced by sugar intake. Inulin showed a better
laxative effect than lactose and reduced functional constipation
with only mild discomfort.
MH - Cathartics|*TU
MH - Constipation|*DT
MH - Feces|CH/*MI
MH - Inulin|AD/*TU
MH - Lactose|AD/*TU
SO - Am J Clin Nutr 1997 May; 65(5):1397-402
UI - 97275698
14
AU - Orban JI
AU - Patterson JA
AU - Adeola O
AU - Sutton AL
AU - Richards GN
TI - Growth performance and intestinal microbial populations
of growing pigs fed diets containing sucrose thermal oligosaccharide
caramel.
AB - Four experiments were conducted to determine growth performance
and changes in intestinal microbial populations of growing
pigs fed diets containing sucrose thermal oligosaccharide
caramel (STOC). Ninety-six barrows and 96 gilts were group-
fed experimental nursery diets for 32 d after weaning in
both Exp. 1 and 2. For each experiment, pigs were divided
into four groups of 48 pigs and were fed either control,
antibiotic (Apramycin sulfate, 34 mg/kg), 1% STOC, or 2%
STOC diets for 32 d after weaning. Each diet was replicated
six times with eight pigs per replication. Pigs were either
orally gavaged (Exp 1) with water of STOC (2 g per pig)
or pigs were creep-fed (Exp 2) either a control diet or
a 2% STOC diet for 5 d before weaning (33 d). At the end
of Exp 1 and 2, cecal material was collected for enumeration
of total aerobes, total anaerobes, coliforms, lactobacilli,
and bifidobacteria. Gilts (96 per experiment) used in Exp.
3 and 4 were weaned at 26 d and fed experimental nursery
diets for 32 d. They were fed either a control or 1% STOC
diet and were otherwise treated as previously described.
There were no significant effects of STOC or antibiotic
on ADG, ADFI, feed efficiency, or cecal microbial populations
in pigs in this study. Feeding diets containing either
antibiotic of STOC did not improve animal performance or
change intestinal bacterial populations in the present
study.
MH - Diet|*VE
MH - Dietary Sucrose|PD/*ST
MH - Food Coloring Agents|PD/*ST
MH - Intestines|*MI
MH - Oligosaccharides|PD/*ST
MH - Swine|*GD
SO - J Anim Sci 1997 Jan; 75(1):170-5
1
AU - Del Re B
AU - Busetto A
AU - Vignola G
AU - Sgorbati B
AU - Palenzona DL
TI - Autoaggregation and adhesion ability in a Bifidobacterium
suis strain.
AB - On the basis of autoaggregation ability, two different
phenotypes (Agg+ and Agg-) were selected from a strain
(BSu895) of Bifidobacterium suis. The relationship between
autoaggregation and adhesion of bacteria to intestinal
tissue was investigated by observing the adhesivity of
the two phenotypic variants to ileum and colon tissue pieces
collected from six new-born piglets. The results suggest
that there is a good relationship between autoaggregation
and adhesion as variant Agg+ (autoaggregating) has a stronger
adhesion ability than Agg- (non-autoaggregating).
MH - Bacterial Adhesion|*
MH - Bifidobacterium|*PH
SO - Lett Appl Microbiol 1998 Nov; 27(5):307-10
2
AU - Mukai T
AU - Toba T
AU - Ohori H
TI - Collagen binding of Bifidobacterium adolescentis.
AB - In this study, 13 bifidobacterial strains were tested for
their ability to adhere to immobilized extracellular matrix
(ECM) proteins. Only two Bifidobacterium adolescentis strains
adhered to immobilized type I and type V collagens, but
not to laminin, fibronectin, and type III and IV collagens.
The adhesion of B. adolescentis BB-119 to type V collagen
was inhibited by type I and V collagens and gelatin, and
was diminished after protease treatment of the cells. Periodate
treatment of immobilized collagen and the presence of galactose
inhibited the adhesion of strain BB-119 to type V collagen.
Two cell surface proteins with molecular masses of 36 kDa
and 52 kDa from strain BB-119 were found to bind to horseradish
peroxidase-conjugated type V collagen by ligand blotting.
We concluded that B. adolescentis BB-119 binds to type
V collagen at galactose chains as target via these two
cell surface proteins by their lectin-like activity.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*ME
MH - Collagen|CH/*ME
SO - Curr Microbiol 1997 May; 34(5):326-31
3
AU - Kirjavainen PV
AU - Ouwehand AC
AU - Isolauri E
AU - Salminen SJ
TI - The ability of probiotic bacteria to bind to human intestinal
mucus.
AB - Human mucus was isolated from faecal samples of newborns,
two and six month old infants and adults. The adhesion
to this mucus by the bacteria mentioned below was assessed
in vitro. Depending on the age group: 44-46% of the applied
Lactobacillus GG, 23-30% of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12,
9-14% of Lactobacillus johnsonii LJ-1, 3-10% of Lactobacillus
salivarius LM2-118, Lactobacillus crispatus M247, Lactobacillus
paracasei F19 and 2% of L. crispatus Mu5 adhered. All the
strains adhered better to the mucus of adults than to that
of infants. With some of the strains significant differences
between the infant age groups were also observed. In conclusion,
the age of the target group may be worthy of consideration
when planning a schedule for probiotic or functional food
therapy.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*ME
MH - Intestinal Mucosa|*MI
MH - Lactobacillus|*ME
MH - Probiotics|*
SO - FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998 Oct; 167(2):185-9
4
AU - Bouhnik Y
AU - Bornet F
TI - Effects of an enteral nutritional formula (ENF) administration
containing or not containing supplemental fructooligosaccharides
(FOS) in healthy human adults [letter]
MH - Bifidobacterium|*IP
MH - Dietary Supplements|*
MH - Enteral Nutrition|*
MH - Oligosaccharides|AD/*PD
SO - Food Chem Toxicol 1998 Nov; 36(11):1031-2
5
AU - Bouhnik Y
AU - Bornet F
TI - Effects of an enteral nutritional formula (ENF) administration
containing or not containing supplemental fructooligosaccharides
(FOS) in healthy human adults [letter]
MH - Bifidobacterium|*IP
MH - Dietary Supplements|*
MH - Enteral Nutrition|*
MH - Oligosaccharides|AD/*PD
SO - Food Chem Toxicol 1998 Nov; 36(11):1031-2
6
AU - Parraga ME
AU - Spier SJ
AU - Thurmond M
AU - Hirsh D
TI - A clinical trial of probiotic administration for prevention
of Salmonella shedding in the postoperative period in horses
with colic.
AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of
probiotic administration on the prevalence of fecal shedding
of Salmonella, the prevalence of postoperative diarrhea,
the length of antimicrobial therapy, and the length of
the hospitalization stay during the postoperative period
in horses with colic. Two commercially available probiotics
for horses were used in a double-blind prospective study
of 200 horses undergoing surgery for colic. Probiotic or
placebo was administered PO once a day for 7 days postoperatively,
and fecal cultures for Salmonella were obtained daily for
10 days. After selection of 186 patients completing the
treatment protocol, the results indicated that the commercial
probiotic formulations had no effect on Salmonella shedding,
prevalence of diarrhea, length of antimicrobial therapy,
or length of hospitalization (P > .05). Twenty percent
of the horses yielded 1 or more positive fecal cultures
for Salmonella; of these horses, 74% were classified as
asymptomatic shedders. Twenty-six percent of all horses
had fluid diarrhea postoperatively, with only 12% of these
horses having positive fecal cultures for Salmonella. The
most common isolate was Salmonella krefeld (24 of 39 isolates)
. Among the different gastrointestinal disorders, horses
with feed and sand impactions appeared to be more prone
to shed Salmonella.
MH - Bifidobacterium|*PH
MH - Colic|CO/SU/*VE
MH - Horse Diseases|ET/*PC/TH
MH - Lactobacillus|*PH
MH - Salmonella|*IP
MH - Salmonella Infections, Animal|EP/*PC/TH
MH - Streptococcus|*PH
SO - J Vet Intern Med 1997 Jan; 11(1):36-41
7
AU - Roberfroid MB
TI - Prebiotics and synbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties.
AB - The main role of diet is to provide enough nutrients to
meet the requirements of a balanced diet, while giving
the consumer a feeling of satisfaction and well-being.
The most recent knowledge in bioscience supports the hypothesis
that diet also controls and modulates various functions
in the body, and, in doing so, contributes to the state
of good health necessary to reduce the risk of some diseases.
It is such an hypothesis which is at the origin both of
the concept of 'functional food' and the development of
a new scientific discipline of 'functional food science'
. In the context of this paper the potential 'functional
foods' to be discussed are the prebiotics and the synbiotics.
The prebiotics developed so far are the non-digestible
oligosaccharides and especially the non-digestible fructans
among which chicory fructans play a major role. The chicory
fructans are beta (2-1) fructo-oligosaccharides classified
as natural food ingredients. They positively affect various
physiological functions in such a way that they are already
or may, in the future, be classified as functional food
ingredients for which claims of functional effects or of
disease risk reduction might become authorized. They are
classified as prebiotic and have been shown to induce an
increase in the number of bifidobacteria in human faecal
flora. As part of a synbiotic-type product, they are already
bifidogenic at a dose of 2.75 g/d and the effect lasts
for at least 7 weeks. The other potential functional effects
are on the bioavailability of minerals, but also, and more
systemically, on the metabolism of lipids. Potential health
benefits may concern reduction of the risk of intestinal
infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, non-insulin-
dependent diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and cancer. However,
except for the prebiotic effect, and tentatively the improvement
of calcium bioavailability, the evidence to support such
effects is still missing in humans though hypotheses already
exist to justify nutrition studies.
MH - Dietary Fiber|*AD/PD
MH - Health Food|*
MH - Nutrition|*PH
MH - Oligosaccharides|*AD/PD
MH - Probiotics|*
AD - Université Catholique de Louvain
AD - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
AD - Brussels
AD - Belgium.
SO - Br J Nutr 1998 Oct; 80(4):S197-202